Scientists

Identity: Albert Einstein is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1879–1955 and the person's work in Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Relativity; photoelectric effect.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Albert Einstein's work is studied through Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Relativity; photoelectric effect.

Importance: The work of Albert Einstein is useful for understanding physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Albert Einstein's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Marie Curie is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics & Chemistry.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1867–1934 and the person's work in Physics & Chemistry. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Radioactivity; radium and polonium.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Marie Curie's work is studied through Physics & Chemistry, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Radioactivity; radium and polonium.

Importance: The work of Marie Curie is useful for understanding physics & chemistry and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Marie Curie's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Isaac Newton is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics & Mathematics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1642–1727 and the person's work in Physics & Mathematics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Laws of motion; gravitation; optics.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Isaac Newton's work is studied through Physics & Mathematics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Laws of motion; gravitation; optics.

Importance: The work of Isaac Newton is useful for understanding physics & mathematics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Isaac Newton's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Charles Darwin is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Biology.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1809–1882 and the person's work in Biology. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Evolution by natural selection.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Charles Darwin's work is studied through Biology, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Evolution by natural selection.

Importance: The work of Charles Darwin is useful for understanding biology and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Charles Darwin's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Galileo Galilei is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics & Astronomy.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1564–1642 and the person's work in Physics & Astronomy. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Observational astronomy; motion.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Galileo Galilei's work is studied through Physics & Astronomy, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Observational astronomy; motion.

Importance: The work of Galileo Galilei is useful for understanding physics & astronomy and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Galileo Galilei's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Michael Faraday is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics & Chemistry.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1791–1867 and the person's work in Physics & Chemistry. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Electromagnetism; electrochemistry.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Michael Faraday's work is studied through Physics & Chemistry, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Electromagnetism; electrochemistry.

Importance: The work of Michael Faraday is useful for understanding physics & chemistry and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Michael Faraday's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: James Clerk Maxwell is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1831–1879 and the person's work in Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Classical electromagnetic theory.

Technical significance: The technical significance of James Clerk Maxwell's work is studied through Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Classical electromagnetic theory.

Importance: The work of James Clerk Maxwell is useful for understanding physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: James Clerk Maxwell's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Louis Pasteur is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Chemistry & Biology.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1822–1895 and the person's work in Chemistry & Biology. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Microbiology; pasteurization; vaccines.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Louis Pasteur's work is studied through Chemistry & Biology, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Microbiology; pasteurization; vaccines.

Importance: The work of Louis Pasteur is useful for understanding chemistry & biology and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Louis Pasteur's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Dmitri Mendeleev is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Chemistry.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1834–1907 and the person's work in Chemistry. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Periodic classification of elements.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Dmitri Mendeleev's work is studied through Chemistry, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Periodic classification of elements.

Importance: The work of Dmitri Mendeleev is useful for understanding chemistry and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Dmitri Mendeleev's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Nikola Tesla is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics & Electrical Technology.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1856–1943 and the person's work in Physics & Electrical Technology. The central contribution tracked by this profile is AC power systems; induction motor.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Nikola Tesla's work is studied through Physics & Electrical Technology, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with AC power systems; induction motor.

Importance: The work of Nikola Tesla is useful for understanding physics & electrical technology and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Nikola Tesla's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Katherine Johnson is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Mathematics & Space Science.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1918–2020 and the person's work in Mathematics & Space Science. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Orbital mechanics calculations.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Katherine Johnson's work is studied through Mathematics & Space Science, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Orbital mechanics calculations.

Importance: The work of Katherine Johnson is useful for understanding mathematics & space science and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Katherine Johnson's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: George Washington Carver is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Agricultural Science.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period c.1864–1943 and the person's work in Agricultural Science. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Crop science and agricultural chemistry.

Technical significance: The technical significance of George Washington Carver's work is studied through Agricultural Science, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Crop science and agricultural chemistry.

Importance: The work of George Washington Carver is useful for understanding agricultural science and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: George Washington Carver's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Archimedes is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Mathematics & Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period c.287–c.212 BCE and the person's work in Mathematics & Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Principles of buoyancy, mechanics and geometry.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Archimedes's work is studied through Mathematics & Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Principles of buoyancy, mechanics and geometry.

Importance: The work of Archimedes is useful for understanding mathematics & physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Archimedes's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Ibn al-Haytham is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Optics & Mathematics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period c.965–c.1040 and the person's work in Optics & Mathematics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Experimental optics and theory of vision.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Ibn al-Haytham's work is studied through Optics & Mathematics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Experimental optics and theory of vision.

Importance: The work of Ibn al-Haytham is useful for understanding optics & mathematics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Ibn al-Haytham's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Johannes Kepler is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Astronomy.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1571–1630 and the person's work in Astronomy. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Three laws of planetary motion.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Johannes Kepler's work is studied through Astronomy, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Three laws of planetary motion.

Importance: The work of Johannes Kepler is useful for understanding astronomy and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Johannes Kepler's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Antoine Lavoisier is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Chemistry.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1743–1794 and the person's work in Chemistry. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Modern chemical nomenclature and conservation of mass.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Antoine Lavoisier's work is studied through Chemistry, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Modern chemical nomenclature and conservation of mass.

Importance: The work of Antoine Lavoisier is useful for understanding chemistry and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Antoine Lavoisier's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Alessandro Volta is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1745–1827 and the person's work in Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Voltaic pile and early battery science.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Alessandro Volta's work is studied through Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Voltaic pile and early battery science.

Importance: The work of Alessandro Volta is useful for understanding physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Alessandro Volta's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: John Dalton is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Chemistry.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1766–1844 and the person's work in Chemistry. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Atomic theory and multiple proportions.

Technical significance: The technical significance of John Dalton's work is studied through Chemistry, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Atomic theory and multiple proportions.

Importance: The work of John Dalton is useful for understanding chemistry and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: John Dalton's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Hans Christian Ørsted is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1777–1851 and the person's work in Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Connection between electricity and magnetism.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Hans Christian Ørsted's work is studied through Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Connection between electricity and magnetism.

Importance: The work of Hans Christian Ørsted is useful for understanding physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Hans Christian Ørsted's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Gregor Mendel is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Genetics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1822–1884 and the person's work in Genetics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Foundations of genetic inheritance.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Gregor Mendel's work is studied through Genetics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Foundations of genetic inheritance.

Importance: The work of Gregor Mendel is useful for understanding genetics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Gregor Mendel's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: James Prescott Joule is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1818–1889 and the person's work in Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Mechanical equivalent of heat.

Technical significance: The technical significance of James Prescott Joule's work is studied through Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Mechanical equivalent of heat.

Importance: The work of James Prescott Joule is useful for understanding physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: James Prescott Joule's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Lord Kelvin is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1824–1907 and the person's work in Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Thermodynamics and absolute temperature scale.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Lord Kelvin's work is studied through Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Thermodynamics and absolute temperature scale.

Importance: The work of Lord Kelvin is useful for understanding physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Lord Kelvin's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Robert Koch is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Microbiology.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1843–1910 and the person's work in Microbiology. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Germ theory and bacterial pathogens.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Robert Koch's work is studied through Microbiology, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Germ theory and bacterial pathogens.

Importance: The work of Robert Koch is useful for understanding microbiology and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Robert Koch's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Max Planck is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1858–1947 and the person's work in Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Quantum hypothesis.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Max Planck's work is studied through Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Quantum hypothesis.

Importance: The work of Max Planck is useful for understanding physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Max Planck's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Ernest Rutherford is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Nuclear Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1871–1937 and the person's work in Nuclear Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Nuclear atom and radioactivity.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Ernest Rutherford's work is studied through Nuclear Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Nuclear atom and radioactivity.

Importance: The work of Ernest Rutherford is useful for understanding nuclear physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Ernest Rutherford's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Niels Bohr is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1885–1962 and the person's work in Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Atomic structure and quantum theory.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Niels Bohr's work is studied through Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Atomic structure and quantum theory.

Importance: The work of Niels Bohr is useful for understanding physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Niels Bohr's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Satyendra Nath Bose is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1894–1974 and the person's work in Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Quantum statistics and bosons.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Satyendra Nath Bose's work is studied through Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Quantum statistics and bosons.

Importance: The work of Satyendra Nath Bose is useful for understanding physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Satyendra Nath Bose's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Lise Meitner is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Nuclear Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1878–1968 and the person's work in Nuclear Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Explanation of nuclear fission.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Lise Meitner's work is studied through Nuclear Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Explanation of nuclear fission.

Importance: The work of Lise Meitner is useful for understanding nuclear physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Lise Meitner's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: C. V. Raman is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1888–1970 and the person's work in Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Raman effect and light scattering.

Technical significance: The technical significance of C. V. Raman's work is studied through Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Raman effect and light scattering.

Importance: The work of C. V. Raman is useful for understanding physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: C. V. Raman's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Rosalind Franklin is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Chemistry & Molecular Biology.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1920–1958 and the person's work in Chemistry & Molecular Biology. The central contribution tracked by this profile is X-ray studies of molecular structures.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Rosalind Franklin's work is studied through Chemistry & Molecular Biology, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with X-ray studies of molecular structures.

Importance: The work of Rosalind Franklin is useful for understanding chemistry & molecular biology and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Rosalind Franklin's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Alan Turing is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Mathematics & Computing.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1912–1954 and the person's work in Mathematics & Computing. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Foundations of computation and codebreaking.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Alan Turing's work is studied through Mathematics & Computing, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Foundations of computation and codebreaking.

Importance: The work of Alan Turing is useful for understanding mathematics & computing and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Alan Turing's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Richard Feynman is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1918–1988 and the person's work in Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Quantum electrodynamics and Feynman diagrams.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Richard Feynman's work is studied through Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Quantum electrodynamics and Feynman diagrams.

Importance: The work of Richard Feynman is useful for understanding physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Richard Feynman's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Chien-Shiung Wu is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Nuclear Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1912–1997 and the person's work in Nuclear Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Experimental work on beta decay.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Chien-Shiung Wu's work is studied through Nuclear Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Experimental work on beta decay.

Importance: The work of Chien-Shiung Wu is useful for understanding nuclear physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Chien-Shiung Wu's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Abdus Salam is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Physics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1926–1996 and the person's work in Physics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Electroweak theory.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Abdus Salam's work is studied through Physics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Electroweak theory.

Importance: The work of Abdus Salam is useful for understanding physics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Abdus Salam's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Tu Youyou is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Pharmacology.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1930– and the person's work in Pharmacology. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Artemisinin-based malaria treatment.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Tu Youyou's work is studied through Pharmacology, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Artemisinin-based malaria treatment.

Importance: The work of Tu Youyou is useful for understanding pharmacology and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Tu Youyou's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Jane Goodall is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Primatology.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1934– and the person's work in Primatology. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Long-term study of chimpanzees.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Jane Goodall's work is studied through Primatology, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Long-term study of chimpanzees.

Importance: The work of Jane Goodall is useful for understanding primatology and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Jane Goodall's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Jennifer Doudna is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Biochemistry.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1964– and the person's work in Biochemistry. The central contribution tracked by this profile is CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Jennifer Doudna's work is studied through Biochemistry, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing.

Importance: The work of Jennifer Doudna is useful for understanding biochemistry and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Jennifer Doudna's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Emmanuelle Charpentier is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Microbiology & Genetics.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1968– and the person's work in Microbiology & Genetics. The central contribution tracked by this profile is CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Emmanuelle Charpentier's work is studied through Microbiology & Genetics, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing.

Importance: The work of Emmanuelle Charpentier is useful for understanding microbiology & genetics and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Emmanuelle Charpentier's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Katalin Karikó is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Biochemistry & Medicine.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1955– and the person's work in Biochemistry & Medicine. The central contribution tracked by this profile is mRNA technology research.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Katalin Karikó's work is studied through Biochemistry & Medicine, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with mRNA technology research.

Importance: The work of Katalin Karikó is useful for understanding biochemistry & medicine and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Katalin Karikó's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Tim Berners-Lee is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Computer Science.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1955– and the person's work in Computer Science. The central contribution tracked by this profile is World Wide Web.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Tim Berners-Lee's work is studied through Computer Science, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with World Wide Web.

Importance: The work of Tim Berners-Lee is useful for understanding computer science and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Tim Berners-Lee's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Mae Jemison is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Medicine & Space Science.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1956– and the person's work in Medicine & Space Science. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Biomedical research and human spaceflight.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Mae Jemison's work is studied through Medicine & Space Science, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Biomedical research and human spaceflight.

Importance: The work of Mae Jemison is useful for understanding medicine & space science and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Mae Jemison's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.

Identity: Philip Emeagwali is included in UNIVERSE Knowledge as a scientist associated with Computational Science.

Life & career: This profile records the documented period 1954– and the person's work in Computational Science. The central contribution tracked by this profile is Parallel computing research.

Technical significance: The technical significance of Philip Emeagwali's work is studied through Computational Science, the problems addressed, the methods used, and the later developments connected with Parallel computing research.

Importance: The work of Philip Emeagwali is useful for understanding computational science and how scientific ideas, invention and engineering can become practical technology.

Legacy: Philip Emeagwali's legacy is presented through the continuing study of the person's work, its influence on later developments, and the ideas that students and researchers can trace from the original contribution.